{"id":867,"date":"2016-08-15T20:32:59","date_gmt":"2016-08-15T20:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/the-mathematics-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/"},"modified":"2016-10-05T08:33:50","modified_gmt":"2016-10-05T08:33:50","slug":"the-mathematics-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/the-mathematics-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/","title":{"rendered":"The Mathematics Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"carouselwrap\"><div id=\"menu-lebanon\" class=\"carouselmenu\"><a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Introduction<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/the-mathematics-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>The Mathematics Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/the-science-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>The Science Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/teachers-teacher-education-and-professional-development\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Teachers, Teacher Education, and Professional Development<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/instruction-for-mathematics-and-science-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Instruction for Mathematics and Science in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/monitoring-student-progress-in-mathematics-and-science\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Monitoring Student Progress in Mathematics and Science<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/use-and-impact-of-timss\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Use and Impact of TIMSS<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/suggested-readings\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>Suggested Readings<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/references\/\" class=\"menu-link main-menu-link menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\"><span>References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/div><\/div>\t<style>\n\t\t.carouselwrap{\n\t\t\tbackground: #e5eaef;\n\t\t}\t\t\n\t\t.owl-item a{\n\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tborder: 4px #00b2cc solid;\n\t\t\tcolor: #000000;\n\t\t}\t\t\n\t\t.owl-item a:hover,\n\t\t.owl-item a:focus,\n\t\t.owl-item a.current-menu-item{\n\t\t\tbackground: #00667f;\n\t\t\tborder: 4px #00b2cc solid;\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tcolor: #ffffff;\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t\n<h2>The Mathematics Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades<\/h2>\n<p>A summary follows of the national curriculum guides for mathematics through the eighth grade. The curriculum ensures that students who finish the second cycle of basic education (elementary level, Grades 4 to 6) have the necessary skills and a solid foundation in mathematics. Students must be able to do the following in the mathematics domains described below:<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mathematical reasoning\u2014Find tendencies in a sequence of results and generalize them; extract general statements from specific contexts; establish procedures; and argue by providing an analogy and giving examples and counter-examples<\/li>\n<li>Problem solving\u2014Visualize situations and handle information; use and apply mathematics in various domains, especially in technology and other branches of learning; verify results; and use mini-calculators to carry out the four operations<\/li>\n<li>Communication\u2014Read, understand, and interpret a mathematical text by translating it into figures, representations, or equations, and translate a given mathematical relation into spoken language<\/li>\n<li>Spatial\u2014Represent locations on a map, characterize various plane figures and use geometric instruments to draw them, and develop an understanding of some solid figures<\/li>\n<li>Numerical\u2014Master the Indo-Arabic system of numeration; recognize decimal numbers; master all types of calculation, including computational and mental, and learn to use a mini-calculator (for integers and decimals); perform simple operations with fractions; and estimate a result<\/li>\n<li>Measurement\u2014Measure perimeter, area, capacity, and angles and use metric units<\/li>\n<li>Statistics\u2014Collect and interpret data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exhibit 1 presents a summary of the mathematics concepts and skills covered in the fourth grade of basic education (elementary level, Cycle 2).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exhibit 1: Mathematics Content in Basic Education, Grade 4<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"tableEncyc\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"heading\">\n<td valign=\"top\">Content Area<\/td>\n<td>Main Topics<\/td>\n<td>Concepts and Skills Covered<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Arithmetic and Algebra<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Numbers<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Natural integers<\/li>\n<li>Fractions<\/li>\n<li>Decimals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Operations<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Addition<\/li>\n<li>Subtraction<\/li>\n<li>Multiplication<\/li>\n<li>Division<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">Geometry<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Location<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distance from a point to a straight line<\/li>\n<li>Location of a point on a square grid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Solid figures<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Building models<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Plane figures<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Intersecting straight lines and parallel straight lines<\/li>\n<li>Classification of quadrilaterals according to their sides<\/li>\n<li>Circles and discs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Transformations<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Drawing symmetrical figures with respect to an axis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\">Measurement<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Length<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Metric units of length<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Mass<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Metric units of mass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Area<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Comparison of areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Angle<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Capacity<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Liter and its submultiples<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Volume<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Statistics<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Handling data<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Collecting and organizing data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In the third cycle of basic education (intermediate level, Grades 7 to 9), students must be able to do the following in the mathematics domains described below:<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mathematical reasoning\u2014Find connections between the real world and mathematical models and between these models and concepts; find generating formulas of a sequence; distinguish between general and particular statements; write simple proofs; and recognize incorrect proofs<\/li>\n<li>Problem solving\u2014Analyze situations and deduce the relevant elements; look for necessary information to clarify incomplete sets of information; construct mathematical models associated with a situation; choose strategies for finding a solution; deconstruct problems into simpler tasks, and conversely, combine necessary facts to reach conclusions; and use calculators with memory<\/li>\n<li>Communication\u2014Read, understand, and use mathematical notation and language; present work orally or in writing with clarity and rigor, and with particular care when writing proofs<\/li>\n<li>Spatial\u2014Construct geometric figures based on a given set of conditions, represent solid (three-dimensional) figures, prove theorems about the properties of plane (two-dimensional) figures, and perform transformations on figures<\/li>\n<li>Numerical\u2014Find and use relations among numbers, extend computational techniques to literal expressions, and estimate answers<\/li>\n<li>Measurement\u2014Measure area and volume<\/li>\n<li>Statistics\u2014Make representations of statistical problems and read them, and calculate the mean of a statistical distribution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exhibit 2 presents a summary of the mathematics concepts and skills covered in the eighth grade of basic education (intermediate level, Cycle 3).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exhibit 2: Mathematics Content in Basic Education, Grade 8<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"tableEncyc\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"heading\">\n<td>Content Area<\/td>\n<td>Main Topics<\/td>\n<td>Concepts and Skills Covered<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\">Arithmetic and Algebra<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Numbers<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Natural integers<\/li>\n<li>Fractions<\/li>\n<li>Decimals<\/li>\n<li>Square roots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Operations<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Powers of positive numbers with a positive integer exponent<\/li>\n<li>Powers of a negative integer exponent of 10<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Proportionality<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inverse proportionalities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Algebraic expressions<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common identities<\/li>\n<li>Literal expressions with fractional forms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Equations and inequalities<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Equations of the following type: <span class=\"formulas\">(ax+b)(cx+d)=0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Equations and inequalities of the first degree with one unknown<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">Geometry<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Location<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Relative positions of two circles<\/li>\n<li>Geometric loci and constructions<\/li>\n<li>Coordinates of the midpoint of a segment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Solid Geometry<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plane representations of cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres<\/li>\n<li>Relative positions of lines and planes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Plane figures<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pythagorean theorem<\/li>\n<li>Theorem of midpoints in triangles and trapezoids<\/li>\n<li>Characteristic properties of parallelograms<\/li>\n<li>Central angles and inscribed angles in a circle<\/li>\n<li>Area of a circular sector<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Transformations<br \/>\nand figures<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vectors and translation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"borderBottom\">\n<td class=\"headingInside borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Statistics<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom borderRight\" valign=\"top\">Handling data<\/td>\n<td class=\"borderBottom\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cumulative exact values and frequencies<\/li>\n<li>Representation of data, including circular diagrams and cumulative frequency polygons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Mathematics Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades A summary follows of the national curriculum guides for mathematics through the eighth grade. The curriculum ensures that students who finish the second cycle of basic education (elementary level, Grades 4 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/countries\/lebanon\/the-mathematics-curriculum-in-primary-and-lower-secondary-grades\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":150,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-867","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/867","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=867"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/867\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6687,"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/867\/revisions\/6687"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/timss2015.org\/encyclopedia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}