The Mathematics Curriculum in Primary and Lower Secondary Grades
The mathematics curriculum has been developed around a set of six strands:5 Number and Number Theory; Number Operations; Geometry, Trigonometry, and Spatial Sense; Measurement; Pre-Algebra and Algebra; and Data Management and Probabilities. All learning outcomes are correlated to a specific level of achievement in the strand for each grade level.
- Number and Number Theory—In this strand, the emphasis is on students’ developing number sense. The curriculum states that this is best accomplished by students’ searching for and understanding the many patterns and relationships among numbers. Being able to use estimation and mental calculation strategies is paramount. It is critical that students have an understanding of the concepts of whole and rational numbers. Integers, negative rational numbers, and irrational numbers are introduced in later grades. Calculator skills also are included. The calculator is considered a tool for studying number patterns, solving realistic problems, and eliminating tedious computations. The curriculum incorporates appropriate calculator use.
- Number Operations—The ability to perform mathematical operations with confidence reflects the development of number sense. The four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are introduced sequentially throughout the different grade levels for each of the number systems. Specific operations are taught in an iterative manner reinforcing concepts developed in previous grades.
- Geometry, Trigonometry, and Spatial Sense—The development of geometrical concepts and the cultivation of spatial awareness are best accomplished through the continuous integration of geometry in the curriculum. Students learn these concepts by actively manipulating, drawing, constructing, and creating geometric shapes and objects and making connections to the real world. Geometry should be experiential and reflected in the students’ environment as an exciting and applicable element of mathematics.
- Measurement—The development of measurement sense is emphasized when students are actively engaged in the processes of comparing, estimating, and measuring. Regular integration with other school subjects such as science, physical education, art, and social studies makes this strand one in which applicability can be easily demonstrated.
- Pre-Algebra and Algebra—Patterns and models are the links students need to make connections between mathematics and the world in which they live. Exploring patterns and models leads students to develop mathematical competence and gain an appreciation for the beauty and power of mathematics. It is essential for students in the early grades to explore patterns in order to develop an understanding of the concept of variables and of algebraic thinking. Algebra extends the study of operations and relationships of numbers to the use of variables. It provides the ability to represent mathematical rules using symbols. Given suitable instruction, students in Grades 5 to 10 can learn some of the fundamental aspects of algebra. Students should understand the concept of functions as rules or mapping that assigns to each member of one set a member of another set. The practical applications of functions and graphs should be taught, especially as they relate to science. The emphasis of this strand is on developing an understanding of basic concepts rather than on the manipulation of symbols or the use of terminology.
- Data Management and Probabilities—In this strand, the emphasis is on the use of graphs, tables, and lists related to numbers and statistics. Students learn to manipulate data. This strand also includes the subject area of probabilities, which is related to the analysis of chance of occurrence for events.