Investing in Technology to Improve Mathematics and Science Learning
Technology is widely used in mathematics and science instruction at the fourth and eighth grades (Exhibits 20 and 21). At the fourth grade, most countries mention using Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in their mathematics curriculum guidelines, ranging from general suggestions about integrating ICT into instruction to specific uses that include problem solving, dynamic geometry, and representing data through tables and graphs. About one-fourth of the countries specifically mentioned using calculators, but sometimes this included restrictions (e.g., in England, calculators should not be used as a substitute for good written and mental arithmetic). A handful of countries had specific guidelines regarding whether calculators were permitted during tests. In science, the curriculum guidelines for ICT use tended to be general, but specifics were included in a few countries (e.g., simulate investigations, record and analyze information, stimulate creativity, and visualize abstract concepts).
At the eighth grade, most of the TIMSS 2015 countries reported curriculum guidelines for incorporating technology into instruction across all subjects, and some made specific recommendations for ICT use in mathematics. For example: exploring functions, when doing operations on numbers, and analyzing data (Georgia); data analysis, graphical presentation, symbolic manipulation, and observing patterns (Hong Kong SAR); to support mathematics applications and problem solving skills (Ireland); and to explore problems, make calculations, and to present and interpret data (Sweden). For science, specifics about using ICT to support teaching and learning often mentioned making the subject more engaging, such as: using simulation or graphing software (Canada); to enliven teaching and learning (Hong Kong); animations, simulations, critical assessment of Internet-based information (Norway); facilitate collaboration (Singapore); and to enhance investigations and explorations (Slovenia).